Most research articles include an abstract that summarises the main findings of an article. The abstract is tagged using the <abstract> element. An article may have more than one abstract; for example, an article could have a main abstract, translations of the main abstract into other languages, and a graphical abstract.
The this documentation provides examples of tagging for various types of abstracts.
The following elements are permitted within the <abstract> element:
The @abstract-type attribute can be used to specify the type of abstract. The following values can be used in the @abstract-type attribute to support display functionality on Taylor & Francis Online:
graphicalmediasummary<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Our initial prompt for this essay is taken from several points of contact between works by Jean-Luc Godard and Věra Chytilová at the close of the 1960s. Godard by this time had renounced his celebrity status and dedicated himself to the politically charged Dziga Vertov Group projects, taking him in 1969 to Czechoslovakia to create <italic>Pravda</italic>, a film that enigmatically includes attribution of Chytilová as a ‘star’ or ‘participant.’ <italic>Pravda'</italic>s neo-Maoist discourse is intensely critical of the Czechoslovak situation, adjudging it a state of socialist revolutionary potential gone wrong.</p>
</abstract>
Structured abstracts can be tagged in one of two ways. Our preference is for the semantic tagging in the above example, but this needs to be assessed by the typesetters for their preference.
<abstract>
<sec>
<title>Objective</title>
<p>To examine the effectiveness of day hospital attendance in prolonging independent living for elderly people.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Design</title>
<p>Systematic review of clinical trials.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>No significant difference.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<abstract>
<p><bold>Context:</bold> Nowadays, people with paraplegia and quadriplegia have greater opportunities to venture into the general public. However, there is also an increased risk of associated hazards.</p>
<p><bold>Findings:</bold> This report describes a 42-year-old man with paraplegia, who was insensate below the T7 level and sustained burns from sitting on a gel wheelchair cushion that had been left on the driver-side seat of a hand control car on a sunny day. Physical examination revealed deep partial-thickness burns on both his buttocks. He underwent surgical debridement and received an autologous split-thickness skin graft, and healed well.</p>
<p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> In modern times, the lives of people with paralysis are no longer restricted to the bed and wheelchair. Active people with spinal cord injuries inevitably diversify the use of wheelchair cushions in many ways; therefore, there is a greater possibility for the occurrence of associated hazards. This is a preventable issue, so both the user and manufacturers should recognize this potential hazard of gel wheelchair cushions.</p>
</abstract>
Live Example: https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10790268.2019.1599540.
Translated abstracts are tagged using the <trans-abstract> element. The xml:lang attribute must be contain a correct language code to identify the language of the text within the element.
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In November 2016, the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace agreement to end a 52-year war.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
<title>RESUMO</title>
<p>Em novembro de 2016, o governo colombiano e as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC) assinaram um acordo de paz para acabar com uma guerra de 52 anos.</p>
</trans-abstract>
Example: https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25729861.2018.1532779. For more information on multi-language documents, see the section on Language and Translations.
Graphical abstracts are concise, visual summaries of the main conclusions of an article. The image included in the abstract can either be a figure from the article or a graphic designed specifically by the author to summarize the article’s content.
Graphical abstracts should be tagged using an <abstract> element with the attribute abstract-type="graphical". The position of the unlabeled figure should be defined as ‘float’ using the @position attribute.
Graphical abstracts should appear after the main abstract. If there is also Plain Language Summary, the graphical abstract should appear after the Plain Language Summary.
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>These results indicate that the HVJ-E/p[MPC-MAAmBO] may be used as boron nanocarriers in a combination of immunotherapy with BNCT.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
<title>Graphical Abstract</title>
<fig id="UF0001" position="float">
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="TSTA_A_1586051_UF0001_OC.jpg" content-type="color" specific-use="web-only"/>
<graphic xlink:href="TSTA_A_1586051_UF0001_PB.jpg" content-type="black-white" specific-use="print-only"/>
</alternatives>
</fig>
</abstract>
Example: https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14686996.2019.1586051
There are specific requirements for the format of the image files used in a graphical abstract. As described in the Image File Guidelines section, the online image for a graphical abstract should:
An alternate version of the image formatted for print may be included, as in the above example.
If needed, a <fig> element within a graphical abstract may include a label, title and caption. If the graphical abstract has more than one image file, a <fig> element can be included for each figure.
For more information, see: https://jats.taylorandfrancis.com/tfjats/doc/#concept/images.html.
<abstract abstract-type="media">
<fig id="F0001">
<caption>
<title>Video abstract</title>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.tandfonline.com/pb-assets/tandf/Migrated/TEPC3_VideoAbstract_Transcript.pdf">Read the transcript</ext-link></p>
<p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://vimeo.com/273482044">Watch the video on Vimeo</ext-link></p>
</caption>
<media id="MED0001" mimetype="video" mime-subtype="mp4" xlink:show="new" xlink:href="TEPC_A_1460867_MED0001.mp4"/>
</fig>
</abstract>
Some articles require additional text that is not part of the author-submitted abstract to be included at the end of the article abstract. The appended text should be tagged as a paragraph with an attribute content-type="appended-text".
<abstract>
<p>…text of the author’s abstract</p>
<p content-type="appended-text">Supplementary information can be accessed on the publisher’s website</p>
</abstract>
If the appended text is to appear only in the online version or only in the print version of an article then a specific-use attribute should be added to the <p> element. Use specific-use="web-only" for text that should only appear online, and use specific-use="print-only" for text that should appear only in print.
For a plain language summary (also called “lay summary”), the summary should be tagged as a separate <abstract> element with attribute abstract-type="plain-language-summary" as in the example below. The Plain Language Summary should appear after the main abstract.
Note: abstract-type="summary" was previously also used for Plain Language Summary abstracts and is still permitted, although abstract-type="plain-language-summary" is preferred and is also recommended by PubMed Central and JATS for Reuse.
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Open-cell stainless steel foams, composed of hollow struts, are excellent candidates for energy absorption and thermo-mechanical applications. The basic mechanical element responsible for the function of these foams is the single strut. However, testing and characterisation of single foam struts to predict the foam strength have stirred up a new debate about approaches to micro-tensile testing of such elements. In this paper, we present a protocol for <italic>in-situ</italic> micro-tensile testing of hollow steel struts using a custom-made grip system. The adapted grips make it possible to perform analysis of the deformation of multiple sintered struts.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="plain-language-summary">
<title>Plain Language Summary</title>
<p><bold>What is the context?</bold></p>
<p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Some information providing the context of the research</p></list-item></list></p>
<p><bold>What is new?</bold></p>
<p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Some information describing what new findings are reported in the research.</p></list-item></list></p>
<p><bold>What is the impact?</bold></p>
<p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>A description of the impact of the research</p></list-item></list></p>
</abstract>
More guidance regarding plain language summaries can be found at these links:
Points of interest should be tagged utilizing the abstract-type="summary".
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This article posits a number of provocations for scholars and researchers engaged with Critical Disability Studies. We summarise some of the analytical twists and turns occurring over the last few years that create a number of questions and concerns. </p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="summary">
<title>Points of interest</title>
<p>This article introduces and discusses the field of Critical Disability Studies.</p>
<p>Critical Disability Studies thinking has developed in some controversial and complex ways over the years.</p>
<p>We review some of these developments and pose five questions that we think are urgently needed to be addressed by Critical Disability Studies researchers.</p>
<p>Our questions are: what is the purpose of Critical Disability Studies; how inclusive is Critical Disability Studies; is disability the object or subject of studies; what matters or gets said about disability; and how can we attend to disability and ability?</p>
</abstract>
Some articles feature a list of “Key Policy Highlights” following the main abstract that summarize the article. The Key Policy Highlights should be tagged in a separate <abstract> element after the main abstract, and should have attribute abstract-type="summary".
<abstract abstract-type="summary">
<title>Key policy highlights</title>
<p><list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Worrying increase in the richness of exotic species between the 1985 and the 2014.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>A large segment of the current exotic fish contingent is self-sustaining.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Common bream, Black bullhead, Goldfish, Largemouth bass, Rainbow trout, Roach, Pike perch and European catfish negatively affect the presence probability of at least 50% of co-occurring native species over time.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>The restoration of habitat characteristics and native fish assemblages as well as more rigorous controls during population reinforcement for recreational fishing are needed to prevent or counteract the further spread of exotic fishes.</p></list-item>
</list></p>
</abstract>