Language and Translations

The xml:lang attribute allows elements to be repeated in multi-language documents; for example, to display an English article with a French and Spanish version of the title, abstract and keywords.

Inherited by all descendent elements until another xml:lang appears, xml:lang is required on the <article> root element and should be placed at each level where the language changes. There is no default value for xml:lang; it should be chosen from the ISO-639-1 list of two-letter language codes, or if not available, from the ISO-639-2 list of three-letter language codes. The list of language codes is available here. Language codes should be tagged using lower-case letters, and a script-code and -region code should only be added where necessary.

JATS also provides trans-* group elements for capturing translations of specific parts of articles. It is important that both these features are used correctly to identify the language of content.

Examples

Example 1: Article title

When an article title appears in more than one language, the primary-language version should be tagged in <title>, and the <trans-title-group> element should be used to tag each additional language version of the title and subtitle. The xml:lang attribute is used to identify the language for each title. An example of an article with multiple-language titles is: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25729861.2018.1532779 .

<title-group> 

<article-title>Disentangling war and disease in <strike>post</strike>-conflict Colombia beyond technoscientific peacemaking</article-title> 

<trans-title-group xml:lang="pt”> 

<trans-title>Desvendando guerra e doen&ccedil;a na Col&ocirc;mbia p&oacute;s-conflito, al&eacute;m da pacifica&ccedil;&atilde;o t&eacute;cnico-cient&iacute;fica</trans-title> 

</trans-title-group> 

<trans-title-group xml:lang="es"> 

<trans-title>Desenredando la guerra y la enfermedad en la Colombia postconflicto m&aacute;s all&aacute; de la pacificaci&oacute;n tecnocient&iacute;fica</trans-title> 

</trans-title-group> 

</title-group> 

Example 2: Abstract

When an abstract appears in more than one language, the primary-language version is tagged in , and the element should be used to tag each additional language version of the abstract. The xml:lang attribute is used to identify the language for each abstract.

<abstract> 
<title>ABSTRACT</title> 

<p>In November 2016, the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace agreement to end a 52-year war.</p> 

</abstract> 

<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt"> 

<title>RESUMO</title> 

<p>Em novembro de 2016, o governo colombiano e as For&ccedil;as Armadas Revolucion&aacute;rias da Col&ocirc;mbia (FARC) assinaram um acordo de paz para acabar com uma guerra de 52 anos.</p> 

</trans-abstract> 

<trans-abstract xml:lang="es"> 

<title>RESUMEN</title> 

<p>En noviembre de 2016, el gobierno colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) firmaron un acuerdo de paz para poner fin a una guerra de 52 a&ntilde;os. </p> 

</trans-abstract> 

Example 3: Keywords

When an article contains keywords in more than one language, a separate <kwd-group> element should be used to tag each language version of the keywords list. The xml:lang attribute is used to identify the language for each <kwd-group>.

The primary-language <kwd-group> and <abstract> do not need an xml:lang attribute because the language is inherited from the xml:lang attribute on the <article> element. <title> is used to provide the translation of “keywords” in each language.

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"> 

<title>KEYWORDS</title><kwd>Temporality</kwd><kwd>technoscience</kwd><kwd>peace</kwd><kwd>war</kwd><kwd>pharmaceuticalization</kwd> 

</kwd-group> 

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author" xml:lang="pt"> 

<title>PALAVRAS-CHAVE</title><kwd>temporalidade</kwd><kwd>tecnoci&ecirc;ncia</kwd><kwd>paz</kwd><kwd>guerra</kwd><kwd>farmaceuticaliza&ccedil;&atilde;o</kwd> 

</kwd-group> 

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author" xml:lang="es"> 

<title>PALABRAS CLAVE</title><kwd>Temporalidad</kwd><kwd>tecnociencia</kwd><kwd>paz</kwd><kwd>guerra</kwd><kwd>farmaceuticalizaci&oacute;n</kwd> 

</kwd-group> 

Example 4: Author names

In addition to capturing the language of an author’s name, the @name-style attribute can be used to denote the style of an author’s name and ensure that the given and surname are displayed in the correct order. A list of values and how they are ordered/displayed is below:

Eastern The name will be displayed and sorted with the family name preceding the given-name.

Western The name will be displayed with the given-name preceding the family name but will be sorted with the family name preceding the given-name.

Example tagging:

<contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>WAN-CHI</surname><given-names initials="W.">WONG</given-names></name></contrib> 

<contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="zh"><surname>&#x860a;&#x667a;</surname><given-names initials="&#x9ec3;">&#x9ec3;</given-names></name></contrib> 

In the above example, the Eastern name will display as 蘊智 黃 (surname first).

Example 5: Within article text

When multiple languages are used within the body of an article, an xml:lang attribute should be tagged at each level where the language changes. For example, if an article’s primary language is French and the article contains a disclosure statement in English, the element containing the secondary language should contain an xml:lang attribute.

The xml:lang attribute can be placed on many different elements, including: <p>, <sec>, <disp-quote>, and <styled-content>.

Examples

<p>In August 2016, a month before going to Colombia to start my ethnographic field research, my partner and I decided to go for a 10-day vacation to Cuba. In Havana, we walked to the Palco Hotel early one morning to meet a tour bus.</p>

Nerval est ici plus fidèle à Fourier que ne le sont ses disciples patentés car il reprend à

Example 6: Captions

When a figure or table caption appears in more than one language, each additional language version should be captured in a

element with an xml:lang attribute.

<label>Figure 1.</label>  

<caption>  

    <p>HS-GC-MS extracted ion chromatograms and mass spectra of (a) furan and (b) furan-d<sub>4</sub>. </p>  

    <p xml:lang="es">Figura 1.&emsp;Cromatogramas HS-GC-MS de iones extra&iacute;dos y espectros de masas de (a) furano y (b) furano-d<sub>4</sub>.</p>  

</caption>  

<graphic xlink:href="TCYT_A_669797_F0001_B.gif" content-type="black-white"/>  

Example 7; Complete article translations

There are two options for tagging translations of an entire article.

Separate article - The translation may be treated as a separate article with its own DOI. The translation should include a tag linking to the original form of the article by its DOI. An example is: 10.1080/13696815.2013.789251; see section on Related Articles.

Within the article - The translation may be tagged as a section within the article, using a element with an xml:lang attribute. Alternatively, each language version may be tagged using .

Example 8: Character entities

Non-keyboard characters, such as Chinese symbols and acute accents, should be tagged using Unicode characters where possible.